Where to Research Science Fiction and Fantasy Stories
Research for fiction writers is the key to authenticity. To create believable settings and characters, you need to start with research. Even when you’re writing about wizards in space, sprinkling in a few factual details will make your characters seem more real and your world feel like a place they could actually live in.
This collection of websites, articles, and tools will help you learn more about your story’s setting, plot, and characters. I primarily write science fiction, so there is a heavy focus on science fiction research. This page will be regularly updated, so be sure to add it to your bookmarks.
It’s a lot of work to maintain a links collection this big! If you see a link has gone dead, or if you know of other fiction writing research tools I should add, please contact me and let me know.
Table of Contents
General/All Purpose Fiction Writing Research Tools:
- Archive.org – One of the largest internet libraries. Explore newspapers, magazines, trade journals, historical films, comic books, movies, and much, much more.
- arXiv.org – An archive of academic papers run by Cornell University. Features papers on physics, mathematics, computers science, biology, finance, statistics, and more.
- Brave Search – An alternative search engine designed for privacy. Similar to DuckDuckGo.
- DuckDuckGo – DuckDuckGo bills themselves as “the independent Internet privacy company for anyone who’s tired of being tracked online.” Might be a good option the next time you’re worried that your writing research is going to “get you on a list.” I used it to research my cannibal murder mystery, and I haven’t gotten arrested yet! Just remember to search for “book marketing” and “proper semicolon usage” in between searches for “how to beat CSI methods” and “best places to bury a body 5 miles outside Chicago.”
- Frontiers – Open access journals. Useful for researching aerospace, medical topics, biology, and a lot more.
- Future Science – Non-profit that examines new scientific ideas for the future. Posts may be useful to research or inspire science fiction stories.
- H2H2 – Founded by science fiction legend Douglas Adams, H2H2 is Wikipedia before Wikipedia. It’s a guide to life, the universe, and everything. Although many of the articles are written with a humorous bent, it’s still a great starting point for general research. The articles on Doctor Who, zombies, and other geeky topics are especially great. The site can be a bit slow, so be patient. It’s worth the wait.
- Kagi Search – A “premium” search engine designed to be focused on users instead of advertisers. A paid service, but offers a free trial plan with one hundred searches.
- Marginalia – An alternative search engine “designed to help you find some things you didn’t even know you were looking for.”
- Matilda – Academic search engine, a good alternative to Google Scholar. If you’re an English speaker, use the dropdown in the upper right corner to toggle to English.
- Obsidian – Note taking app. Mind mapping, organizing ideas, and more.
- ProQuest – Searchable database of ebooks, journals, and videos. May need to access through your local library’s computers.
- Quantum Magazine – Fantastic science and mathematics articles.
- RefSeek – A search engine for students and researchers focused on academic information.
- ScienceDaily – Focused on news, but can be a great starting point for research.
- Science.gov – Scientific search results from US government agencies.
- SpringerLink – Open access journals. Useful for researching biology, computer science, physics, astronomy, stats, chemistry, and a lot more.
- Techtropes – Guides for writers on a variety of subjects, including alien invasions, lasers, guns, genetics, and more.
- Wiby – Another alternative search engine with an emphasis on discovery.
- r/Writeresearch – The subreddit to ask questions and improve the accuracy of your fiction.
- Writing Prompts – The greatest collection of science fiction, fantasy, and horror writing prompts on the web. Also, the guy who wrote it is really handsome.
Animals
Here are some fiction writing research pages to help you learn more about animals. Great when you’re writing about wildlife or the speculative biology of a fantasy kingdom or alien world.
- Animalia – The Online Animals Encyclopedia
- Animal InfoBooks – Information on a variety of animals from Sea World. (Yeah, I know, I saw that documentary too, but the information is still useful.)
- Animal Pedia – Another starting point for general animal research.
- Animals of the Deep – Deep sea life, with videos and recommended research publications.
- Audubon – Learn all about birds.
- Cephalopod Attacks – Wikipedia’s page on squid and octopus attacks. Lots of useful sources if you’re researching a story about giant squids.
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology – Research birds.
- eBird – More bird research.
- MBARI – Moist animal info from Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute.
- Smithsonian Ocean – Wet animals. Research sharks, whales, penguins, and more.
- Wikispecies – Information on every animal.
- Wildlife Guide – Brief facts about various wildlife species from the National Wildlife Federation.
Artificial Intelligence:
If you’re writing a story with an AI character, these pages will help with your fiction writing research. NOTE: While generative AI and Large Language Models should never be used for creative writing, it’s still a good idea to learn how they work and where the technology is headed.
- Artificial Intelligence – 2025 Stanford Emerging Technology Review
- Towards Data Research – Articles on data science and AI.
- Fast.ai – Free courses and articles about artificial intelligence.
Body Language and Facial Expressions:
Every writer, regardless of genre, should study body language. Knowing how people move their bodies and faces as they speak, think, share their feelings, and deceive each other will make your characters more believable. It will also give you more ideas for dialogue beats, what exactly characters should be doing during dialogue scenes.
- Beginner’s Guide to Body Language at Healthline – The meaning behind some more subtle types of body language.
- Body Language at Science of People – Gestures and what they mean.
- How to Describe Facial Expressions – Fear, anger, disgust, micro expressions, and more.
- How To Read Body Language – Eight common body language cues.
- Master List of Facial Expressions for Writers – How to describe that weird look on your character’s face.
- Ultimate Guide to Body Language – Learn how even the most seemingly insignificant bodily gestures can provide key signals of emotions.
- Using Body Language – Another great body language resource.
Characters:
These fiction writing research pages will help you come up with great character names, address a character’s disability issues respectfully, and create well-developed and believable characters to inhabit your stories.
- Archetypes with Peevish Penman – Learn about Jungian archetypes and how writers can use them as character development tools.
- Avoiding Stereotypes in Fiction: Characters with Mental Health Issues – Just what it says in the title, a guide to writing about mental health issues.
- Behind the Name – Look up names and name meanings for characters.
- Behind the Surname – Look up names and name meanings for characters.
- R/CharacterDevelopment – A subreddit about developing fictional characters, not self-improvement.
- Character Types in Fiction – My ultimate guide to character types. If you don’t know the difference between a hero and an antihero, start here.
- Child Development Guide – Writing a child character? Here is a brief guide with developmental milestones from newborn to age 18.
- Creating Characters – My articles on writing dialogue, character development, coming up with the perfect character name, and more.
- Forebears – Names and name meanings.
- A Guide to Writing Disabled Characters – A Tumblr page with some useful advice about writing characters with disabilities.
- How Do I Depict a Disabled Character Respectfully? – A brief guide to writing characters with disabilities.
- How to Write Characters Who Are Blind – How to include characters who are Blind or who have a vision impairment respectfully.
- How to Write Deaf or Hard of Hearing Characters – How to address this disability respectfully in fiction.
- Simply Psychology – Learn about the human mind – Autism and ADHD, criminology, memory and motivation, and more.
- Social Security Administration popular baby names site – Look up name popularity in different historical periods.
- Respectfully Depicting a Character Adapting to a Disability – How to write a character with a new disability.
- Writing Deaf Characters – Tips on creating characters who are Deaf or who have hearing loss.
- Writing With Color – Words for Skin Tones – Incredibly useful post on ways to describe skin tones and how to avoid potentially annoying or offensive descriptions, such as food comparisons.
Crime:
These sites contain research and statistics on crime and investigation techniques that may be useful for writers. This is for fiction writing research for stories about crimes that you would never actually do in real life. (Don’t do crime. Crime bad, okay?)
- Crime Data Explorer – Use this FBI tool to research statistics on crime in the United States.
- Crime Scene Investigation: How It’s Done – A basic introduction to CSI techniques.
- Crime Scene Investigation Network – Articles about forensics.
- FBI Vault – Explore records scanned for Freedom of Information Act requests and learn about fugitives, gangs, gangsters, and more.
- Murderpedia – Despite its outdated design, this website is useful for researching killers from around the world.
- Neighborhood Scout – Look up crime statistics for neighborhoods in the United States. Need to find a dangerous area for your superhero to protect? Find stats here.
- Havocscope – Havocscope provides information and threat intelligence on the global black market, and the prices of illicit goods.
- How Crime Scene Investigation Works – An introduction to CSI techniques, and a discussion on what CSI shows often get wrong.
Copyright & Trademark Issues:
Legal resources like these are vital research sites for writers. If you publish anything, you will eventually run into book pirates. Please note that I’m not a lawyer, and this is not legal advice. You probably shouldn’t take any advice from me about anything that doesn’t involve writing science fiction, magic tricks, or chili. I’m pretty good at making chili.
- Copyright FAQ – Frequently Asked Questions about copyright, answered by the US Copyright Office.
- Copyright Infringement Notices Outside the US – For when book pirates steal your book and drag it overseas. Arr!
- Copyscape – This plagiarism tool can help you find unauthorized copies of your work online.
- Directory of Intellectual Property Offices by Country – For international IP rights issues.
- DMCA Counter Notice – Information about a tool web hosts can use against wrongful takedown notices.
- DMCA Takedown Notice Generator – Easy copyright protection tool.
- DMCA Takedown Notice information at Georgetown Libraries – Learn how to send a takedown notice when you find your work stolen.
- DMCA Takedown Notice template for US and Canadian sites – Learn how to send a takedown notice to non-US sites.
- Exceptions and Defenses to Copyright – Information about fair use and when coping work isn’t a copyright violation.
- Fair Use – When copyrighted works can be used without permission.
- Google Alerts – How to set up a Google Alert. Set up alerts for your author name, book titles, and phrases from your writing to be notified if anyone mentions you or posts unauthorized copies of your work.
- How to Block Common AI Crawlers – How to update your website’s robots.txt file to tell AI crawlers to not swipe your stuff.
- How to Send a DMCA Takedown Notice Correctly – Learn how to send a takedown notice when you find your work stolen.
- Trademark Infringement – A guide for writers thinking about mentioning brand names in their stories.
- Trademark Law for Writers – A good summary of the legal issues involved if you have your characters drink a Coke or wear Nikes.
- US Copyright Office – Are you an American author? Here’s the place to register your work.
- A Writer’s Guide to Fair Use – Another fair use guide.
Estimating Things:
When you’re writing a story, sometimes it’s difficult to estimate how big a villain’s secret hideout would need to be, or how much larger your giant killer robot should be compared to a regular, everyday killer robot. These resources may come in handy for writers like me who aren’t too strong with spatial skills.
- Comparing heights – This website lets you enter the heights of two people and compare how they would look standing next to each other. See just how much taller your “a head taller” romantic lead would have to be, or how much taller an Amazon Warrior might be than your adventurer.
- Country Size Comparison – Compare two different countries to see how much bigger or smaller they are than where you’re from.
- Height Comparison – This little tool gives you a visual indicator of the difference in character heights. When your tiny elf encounters a giant ogre, just how much taller is the monster? How scared should he be? See for yourself!
- Measuringly – This unusual site is filled with size comparisons, so you can get a better grasp on just how big twelve yards, six feet, or three inches really is. Let’s say you’re writing about an asteroid, and you guesstimate that it’s about a hundred kilometers long. You can open up the 100 kilometers article and see that it’s 1,000 times longer than a soccer field, twice as long as a marathon race, and 37 times as long as the Golden Gate bridge. Based on these size comparisons, you can decide if your space pirates need more or less room on their asteroid secret hideout.
- Size Comparison Tool – Need to estimate how many washing machines could fit inside the Empire State Building? This will help!
- WhatSizeOf – An interesting size comparison tool. You can choose two objects from their library and get a visual comparison.
Fight Scenes:
If you’re looking to get your protagonist into a fight, you’ll want to do some fiction writing research first. Fight scenes are often tricky to write. If done incorrectly, they can be confusing and hard to follow. These resources will help you win the battle against the DNF pile.
- The Anatomy of Action – An article on fight scenes from author Doug Landsboroug.
- Black Belt Magazine – Learn about martial arts.
- Fight Write – A whole blog on writing fight scenes. If you write a lot of fights, you’ll want to check out the book as well.
- Firearm Blog – If your fight scene includes shooting, here’s a resource to learn more about how different guns work.
- Fight Scene Resources – A collection of articles at the amazing writing blog Mythcreants.
- How To Write Awesome Fight Scenes – An article aimed at screenwriters, but novelists and short story writers should find this useful, too.
- How To Write A Fight And Battle Scene In A Book – Fantastic guide from fantasy author Richie Billing.
- How to Write Great Fight Scenes – A great guide from thriller author John Clarkson with some suggested reading.
- How to Write a Fight Scene Readers Will Love – A useful article from The Write Practice.
- How To Write A Good Fight Scene – Useful article from LitHub.
- A Slightly Unhinged Guide to Fight Scenes – A useful article from author Wren Scarborough.
Folklore and Mythology:
These folklore and mythology sites can add depth and meaning to your stories. If you are a horror or fantasy author, these will definitely come in handy for fiction writing research.
- American Folklore – Folk tales from the USA.
- Egyptian Mythology – Gods, myths, symbols, and more.
- Folklore and Mythology Electronic Texts – Resource from the University of Pittsburgh.
- Folktales from Southeast Asia and Korea – Including folktales from Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, and Vietnam.
- Folktexts – A library of folktales, folklore, fairy tales, and mythology from the University of Pittsburgh.
- Greek Mythology – Gods, Titans, and more.
- Encyclopedia Mythica – Deities and beings from all corners of the world.
- Magic Tales of Mexico – In English and Spanish.
- Roman Mythology – How much time do you spend thinking about the Roman Empire?
- USC Folklore Archives – Folk myths and legends.
Free Stock Images:
These sites are great whenever you need stock images for author websites, books, and more. Unless the link description says “public domain,” make sure you review the site’s terms and license for details.
- Free-Images.com – Public domain images.
- Library of Congress – Public domain images.
- Morguefile – Stock photos, free for commercial use. (Review license for details.)
- Pixabay – Stock photos, free for commercial use. (Review license for details.)
- Raw Pixel – Public domain images.
- Unsplash – Stock photos, free for commercial use. (Review license for details.)
- Wikipedia Public Domain Image Resources – Big list of public domain images, free for commercial use.
Grammar, Punctuation, and Other Basics:
These are great sites to have on hand if it’s been a little while since you’ve studied grammar and punctuation rules.
- The Punctuation Guide – A guide. To punctuation.
- Grammar Book – English grammar rules resource.
- Grammar Girl – Grammar, word usage, and the like.
Historical Fiction Writing Research:
Working on historical fiction or historical fantasy? Keep these fiction writing research sites handy.
- Avalon Project – Database of legal and historical documents from Yale Law School.
- Chronicling America – Historical newspaper database from the Library of Congress.
- Early English Books – Historical research database through ProQuest. May need to access through your local library.
- Encyclopedia Iranica – Research source dedicated to “the study of Iranian civilization in the Middle East, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and the Indian Subcontinent.”
- Flow of History – For visual learners, here’s a collection of history flow charts. It even has its own iPad app!
- Food Timeline – A historical timeline of what people ate in different periods.
- The History Blog – An extensive historical resource with loads of sources and additional resources in the sidebar.
- Library of Congress – Research library in Washington, D.C., that serves as the library and research service of the U.S.
- The Perseus Collection – Greek and Roman historical documents, both in the original languages and translated into English.
- UK National Archives – Historical document collection.
- US National Archives – Historical document collection.
Medical Issues:
Whenever you write a story dealing with a medical issue or disability, it’s important to do research. This will help you portray the condition more accurately and sensitively.
- Amnesia – Amnesia causes and treatment.
- Amnesia – The Mayo Clinic explains amnesia symptoms and treatment.
- Forget Me Not – History’s 17 Most Bizarre Amnesia Cases – Inspiration for amnesia stories.
- Memory Loss – The Cleveland Clinic explains memory loss and treatment.
- Merck Manual – General medical resource.
- What Is Memory Loss? – The Pacific Brain Health Center explains memory loss an its causes.
- Script Medic – A Tumblr archive of medical reference articles for writers. Useful for portraying realistic injuries and describing a character’s symptoms more accurately.
- What is Amnesia and How is it Treated? – The types and causes of amnesia.
- Wounds International – A medical journal focused on injuries and procedures. Warning: Contains pictures of injuries. Not for the squeamish.
- A Writer’s Guide to Amnesia – Resources for writers covering amnesia, from writer Bryn Donovan.
- Verywell Heath – Health and medicine articles written for a general audience.
The Perfect Word:
These resources will help writers find the ever-elusive perfect word.
- Calque or Loanword? – An interesting article on calques, words or phrases borrowed from another language and translated.
- Describing Words – A tool just for finding adjectives to describe nouns. More useful than it sounds.
- Etymoline – Online Etymology Dictionary – Research word origins. Useful for finding meaningful character names, creating conlangs, and more.
- The Hundred Most Beautiful Words in English – Great list.
- Onelook Reverse Dictionary – Sort of like a thesaurus. Enter a word, phrase, description, or pattern, and find synonyms, related words, and more.
- Power Thesaurus – A community-driven thesaurus.
- Pun Generator – An automatic joke machine. Some are punnier than others.
- Reverse Dictionary – Sort of like a thesaurus. Enter a word and find synonyms, related words, and more.
- RhymeZone – Rhyming dictionary. Also has “find descriptive words” and “find related words” options that work similar to a reverse dictionary.
- Tip of My Tongue – A word finding tool with search fields for Starts With, Ends With, Word Meanings, Length, and more.
- Word Hippo – Thesaurus and other word tools.
Planets:
If you’re writing science fiction or fantasy stories, these sites are great for (literal) world building.
- Building Earth-Like Planets – A downloadable online course covering planetary formation. Literal worldbuilding!
- Exoplanets – NASA’s resources on exoplanets, planets outside our solar system. Learn about planet types, what makes a world habitable, and much more.
- How Solar Systems Form – Videos and infographics on planetary formation.
- Planetary Formation & Evolution – Scientific resources from Carnegie Science. (Scroll down for articles.)
- Planetary Society – Articles on planetary science, asteroids, signs of life on other worlds, and more.
Psychology:
Learning about how the human mind works is one of the best ways to create believable characters. Make these resources a regular part of your fiction writing research.
- Frontiers in Psychology – The most cited psychology journal in the world.
- In-Mind – Psychology research explained for general audiences.
- Psychology Today – Psychology magazine with interesting articles.
Robots:
Looking to add robots, androids, and other mechanical marvels to your stories? These sites will help with your fiction writing research.
- New Atlas – Robots – Robotics news. May inspire robot science fiction.
- PAL Robotics blog – More robot story inspiration.
- Robotics Institute Carnegie Mellon – Cutting edge robotics tech. May be useful for anyone writing science fiction involving future robots.
Self-Publishing:
- Amazon KDP Templates – Amazon’s template files for self-publishing books in a variety of sizes. They are available empty or with sample content. Microsoft Word format.
- r/SelfPublish – The subreddit for everything self publishing.
- The Submission Grinder – The Submission Grinder is a submission tracker and market database for writers of fiction and poetry. Use this search engine to find a home for your work.
Settings:
- Atlast Obscura – Tourist attractions from around the world. Great for setting ideas.
- CIA World Factbook – Basic intro to states and countries around the world.
- Opacity.Us – Photos of abandoned places.
Space, Spaceships, and Space Travel:
Here are some great fiction writing research sites to help you create your next great space adventure. Knowing how spaceships and space travel work will help your stories feel more realistic. If that’s what you’re going for. Or you could do what I did in The Screaming Void and just say “it’s alien tech nobody really understands…”
- Astrophysics – Academic astrophysics papers archive by Cornell University.
- Atomic Rockets – How various types of spacecraft engines work, might work in the future, could hypothetically work.
- Explosive Decompression and Vacuum – An overview of what really happens if your spaceship gets punctured or you get thrown out the airlock without a suit.
- History of Space Exploration from National Geographic
- NASA is of course a goldmine of space travel information. Check out Human Space Travel Research and Experiments to Unlock How Human Bodies React to Long Space Journeys, as well as the amazing Exoplanet Archive.
- Reach for the stars at Frontiers – A curated list of research topics related to space exploration.
- Stars with Expo Planets – NASA’s collection of 3D star maps. Useful to visualize what the real universe looks like.
- ToughSF – A blog on “hard” science fiction concepts, including space travel methods and much more.
Sports:
If you want to write about sports but you’re a non-athlete like me, these resources will help you get to the finish line with your fiction writing research.
- AASP Blog – Sports psychology articles from the Association for Applied Sports Psychology.
- Baseball Rules Academy – Learn how to play America’s pastime.
- Breaking Muscle – Learn about physical training to write more realistic gym scenes.
- NFL Rulebook – Learn how to play American football.
- NBA Rulebook – Learn how to play professional basketball.
- Rules of Sports – Basic sports rules explained in an accessible way.
- SportsMD – Common sports injuries and treatments.
- Stack.com – Website covering sports, athletic training, and more.
- USA Hockey Rulebook – The official rules of ice hockey.
- Verywell Health – Sports injuries and treatments.
Time Travel:
- Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity – Science writer Vicky Stein on relativity and time dilation. You’ll have to go pretty fast to travel to the future, but if you already have a spaceship, it’s doable.
- A Review of Stable, Traversable Wormholes in f(R) Gravity Theories – Useful for both space and time travel, here’s an in-depth exploration of the math behind wormholes.
- Time Travel Simulation Resolves “Grandfather Paradox” – Closed timelike curves, another possible solution to traveling into the past.
- Tipler cylinder and rotating universes – A page on a theoretical time machine.
Tropes and Writing:
Here are some great articles and resources on using tropes effectively in your writing.
- How To Make The Most of Our Story’s Tropes – Author Jami Gold explains the use and misuse of story tropes. Should they be avoided? Is that even possible?
- How To Incorporate Tropes in Your Writing – “Author “Writer in progress” Morgan Hazelwood shares her thoughts on proper trope use.
- Let’s Talk About Tropes and Using Them in Your Writing – Author Margo L. Dill explains what tropes are and how to make them feel fresh.
- Trope Resources at The Literary Mercenary – Author and fellow Hoosier Neal Litherland offers a number of fantastic articles on tropes at his website.
- Tropes: The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly – Romance author and book coach Trisha Jenn Loehr shares her thoughts on tropes.
- The Used Future Trope and Science Fiction – My article on the “used future” trope and how it can make your science fiction stories feel more grounded.
World Building:
Working on a unique fantasy or science fiction world? Check out these fiction writing research sites.
- Climate Comparison – This site lets you pick two countries and compare their average climates. May be helpful for writers who want a better picture of how cold their Ice Planet should be.
- Future Timeline – Future predictions. May be useful for science fiction world building.
- Language Creation Society – Learn about conlangs, constructed languages. Maybe your story’s language will become the next Elvish or Klingon.
- Natural Resources and Trade in Fantasy Worldbuilding – Some thoughts and points to consider.
- Resources for World-Builders – For constructing fictional worlds which follow historical rules and patterns, where things like agriculture and armies make sense.
- r/ScifiConcepts – A subreddit for science fiction world building. Bounce your ideas off of other writers and see what they think.
- World Anvil – World building tools for writers and RPG campaigns.
- r/WorldBuilding – The subreddit for creatives who are interested in building their own fictional worlds. Learn about world building, explore others’ creations, and share your own.
Writing Skills:
Work on your story skills with these fiction writing research sites.
- The Art of Storytelling – A Khan Academy course, partnered with Pixar.
- DNSchmidt.com Writing Advice – My own writing advice section has information on forming good writing habits, writing motivation, keeping track of your writing ideas, how to get story ideas, and more.
- The Eleven Funny Filters – Struggle with writing humor? Founding editor of The Onion Scott Dikkers says every joke falls in one of eleven categories. Simply take a concept and run it through these “funny filters” until you’ve got something hilarious!
- The Future of Storytelling – A free YouTube course on storytelling by the University of Applied Sciences Potsdam.
- Helping Writers Become Authors – Theme, scene and sequel, novel outlining, character arcs, everything you could possibly want to know. The very best writing advice I’ve ever come across.
- Handbook of the Writer Secret Society – Peevish Penman – Deepen your knowledge of the writing craft with this mysterious collection of ancient wisdom. (Free pdf download.)
- Mythcreants – Fantasy and science fiction for storytellers.
- Notecarding: Plotting Under Pressure – Interesting plotting method by Holly Lisle.
- Pixar’s Art of Storytelling – Free online course with Khan Academy.
- Snowflake Method – A popular novel plotting method.
- So You Want To… – A master list of writing articles at TV Tropes. Covers a huge variety of topics, everything from creating interesting characters to writing a romance side quest for a video game. Warning: Huge time suck.
Maintaining a resource page like this requires a lot of time and effort. If you find a link that’s gone dead, or if you know of other fiction writing research sites that I should add here, please let me know! You can contact me here.


